within South Africa, the main exploitable reserves of PGMs are UG-2 (Upper Group 2) deposits. Since UG-2 ore has a high chromite (FeO.Cr 2 O 3) content, the reduction of the chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3) recovery in the final flotation concentrate is crucial to the smelting
Soon after, and somewhat deeper down the igneous stratigraphy, the highest important example of a series of chromite-rich reefs was discovered. It is known as the UG-2 (or UG2) Reef. The UG-2 is overlain by a noritic- anorthositic sequence 10-200 m or more thick, capped by the Merensky Reef.
Abstract In the UG2 ore (Bushveld Complex, South Africa) flotation, normally more than 3% of the gangue minerals, principally chromite with talc and pyroxene, report to the concentrate diluting the PGM recovery and contributing to subsequent processing costs. Previous studies have identified residual talc-like layers on orthopyroxene surfaces in Merensky ore flotation contributing to ...
The UG-2 reef is characterized by two predominant gangue phases i.e. chromite and silicate, that have ... was supported in part by the National Research Foundation, (NRF) South Africa and Universities of South Africa and Johannesburg. ... Johannesburg South Africa (e-mail: [email protected]). flotation of base metal sulphides mainly focused on ...
South African yearly chromite production has been increasing at an average production of 1 500 000t in the past 5 years except in 2016 where there was a slight decrease of approximately 900 000t [5]. Conventional chromite processes achieve an average recovery of between 50 and 65%, which result in a mass yield of between 37 and 45%.
The chromitites of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa contain vast resources of platinum-group elements (PGE); however, except for the economic upper group (UG)-2 chromitite seam, information on the distribution of the PGE in the ores and on the mineralogical nature, assemblages, and proportions of platinum-group minerals (PGM) is essentially missing.
Most of the world's supply of Pt and Pd and associated elements comes from mines within four major layered igneous intrusions: the Bushveld Complex in South Africa, the Stillwater Complex in the USA, the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe and the Noril'sk-Talnakh Complexes in Russia ().The Bushveld Complex in South Africa is a vast repository of value minerals which spreads over an area of 65,000 km 2 and ...
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Platinum Smelting in South Africa . R.T. Jones . Specialist Consultant, Pyrometallurgy Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg, 2125, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] . Introduction. South Africa has more than 80 per cent of the world’s platinum reserves, and is the world’s largest producer of platinum group metals (PGMs).
PGM Ore Processing at Impala's UG-2 Concentrator - SGS. coming from the increased processing of ore through the UG-2 plant, located 20 km. NW of Rustenburg. .... was coarse limiting the risk of chrome entrainment into the final concentrate, but also ....
This process aims to optimise the recovery of valuable PGE and sulphide minerals and the rejection of unwanted gangue minerals. The major reefs are exploited in South Africa i.e. Merensky reef and UG-2 reef. Gangue minerals, pyroxene and feldspar constitute more than 80% of the Merensky reef and chrornite up to 60% of the UG-2 reef.
Jun 11, 2020 Typically, head grade is 4–5 g/t 4E. The bulk of the reef consists of chromite which can constitute up to 75% by mass. Chromitite is rock containing chromite (FeO Cr 2 O 3 ) as its major constituent and chromite consists of 40–50% Cr 2 O 3 . Assays are expressed as a percentage of chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ).
During the beneficiation of chromite hosted PGE’s by froth flotation, chromite represents the principal gangue mineral. This is particularly true for the UG2 main seam. An excess of more than 3% in mass of chromite in the PGM concentrate is known to result in significant problems in the downstream processing and extraction of PGEs.
South Africa August 1996 . ... optimum cleaning circuits in the flotation of UG-2 ore, research needs to be done to quantify the entrainment phenomenon. ... 4.2.1.2 Chromite 4.2.2 Batch flotation results 4.2.2.1 PGM recoveries 4.2.2.2 Chromite recoveries 4.3 Circuit evaluation: Phase 2
This project was reconstruction project. It was South Africa 8000t/d platinum and 3000t/d chromite flotation system. The mineral processing flow was two-stage coarse - one-stage scavenging - three-stage concentrating flotation process.
Recent developments in flotation technology have led to the exploitation of the more difficult to process chromite-bearing UG-2 reef. New expansions are focused on exploiting the UG-2 reef on the Eastern Limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. Deep-level mining and difficulties encountered with mechanised mining due to the
Apr 01, 2012 The exploitable reserves of Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) within South Africa are primarily in the UG-2 (Upper Group 2) deposits. The UG-2 ore is made of high density chromite (FeO Cr 2 O 3) particles (S.G ∼ 4.8) and low density silicate particles (with associated PGEs (S.G ∼ 3)). The chromite content of the UG-2 seam is over 60% by mass.
South Africa is the largest supplier of platinum group metals (PGMs), which are mined from three reefs in the Bushveld Igneous Complex. About 60% of the world’s mined PGMs come from a single reef, the UG-2 reef (Mudd, 2010). Flotation is the primary method used to concentrate the PGMs.
In South Africa, chromite is one of the main gangue constituents of especially UG2 ore, making up to between 20 and 60% by mass of the ore (cf. Figure 3). Although the main minerals targeted in flotation are generally the base metal sulphides, viz. pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite, a certain amount of chromite reports to the flotation ...
the UG2 ore with its smaller PGE mineral grain sizes. Later, when flotation processes were considered, the need to maintain chromite recovery below the critical level determined by the smelting process, and yet maximise PGE recoveries, presented anew set of problems (Corrans et al., 1982; Overbeek et a!., 1985; Hiemstra, 1988b; Hossy, 1991).
Sep 28, 2020 However, with South Africa’s high cost of electrical energy, export of higher grade fines products has proven to be more commercially favourable. Geologically, the chromitite seams in the Critical Zone are divided into the lower (LG), the middle (MG) and the upper groups (UG), with the LG6, UG1 and UG2 being of greatest economic importance ...
Jun 11, 2020 Flotation experiments were carried out using 100 g charge in a 300 mL Agitair cell with sodium isobutyl xanthate (IBX) and sodium diisobutyldithiophosphate (DTP, Senkol 2 reagent from Senmin, South Africa) (40 g/t each) and KU9 guar gum depressant (80 …
The enormous saucer-shaped Bushveld Complex in South Africa is the wold’s largest layered intrusion and the major world platinum resource ().It comprises layers rich in platinum group metals (pgms): the Merensky Reef (the traditional main source of platinum), the undedying UG …
Abstract In Part 1 of this 2 part series of papers the relationships between Platinum Group Metals (PGM), mass and water recovery and %Cr 2 O 3 (as chromite) in concentrate were defined for laboratory, pilot and plant scales. The entrainment of chromite in final concentrate was shown to be related to its slow floating kinetics. In 2004, Northam Platinum mine embarked upon an upgrading program ...
South Africa holds more than 70% of the world's viable chromite ore reserves .... dry milling of chromium-containing materials, such as chro-. Get Price Twenty five years of UG2 processing - Mintek
A Process Mineralogical Evaluation of Chromite at the - MDPI. 12 Aug 2020 chromite-bearing ore types at the Nkomati nickel mine was Feed of PCMZ blend, flotation to recover BMS, PCMZ tailings sent to Laboratory benchtop flotation test work was conducted using a 2.5 L flotation cell mounted
1Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, [email protected] 2Tect Geological Consulting, Steenberg Office Park, Tokai, South Africa 3Northam Platinum Limited, Dunkeld West, Johannesburg, South Africa 4Centre for Minerals Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa
It is common practice in the mineral processing industry to use hydrocyclones for particle classification. However, classification in the UG2 platinum circuits using the hydrocyclone poses major challenges due to the differences in density between
Oct 01, 1999 The UG2 reef of the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa is a valuable source of platinum group metals (PGMs) that is beneficiated by flotation. Chromite is one of the main gangue consituents of UG2 ore and it is essential that the amount of chromite reporting to the concentrate during flotation be minimised since it is detrimental to the subsequent smelting operations.
South Africa has almost fifty ferrochrome furnaces in closeproximity to the BIC. These utilize various technologies fromthe conventional open SAFs for direct smelting of run-of-mine quality chromite ore to expensive pelletizing andsintering plants producing a pre-oxidized pellet feedpreheated to closed SAFs or even hollow-electrode directfines feed to DC-arc furnaces. Table IV summarizes theferrochrome facilities by South African …
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